# Advanced Integrated Circuits

> Lecture notes for TFE4188 Advanced Integrated Circuits at NTNU, on the design
> of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits in CMOS: references and bias,
> data converters, switched capacitor circuits, voltage regulators, phase locked
> loops, oscillators and low power radio, with the device physics and circuit
> theory they rest on.

- Author: Carsten Wulff <carsten@wulff.no>
- Course: TFE4188 Advanced Integrated Circuits, NTNU
- Edition: aic2026, generated 2026-09-12
- Licence: CC BY 4.0
- Source: https://github.com/wulffern/aic2026
- Site: https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/

This is the index. Each chapter below links to its own Markdown file. The
complete text in one file is at https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/llms-full.md

## How to read this

- Chapters run from 1 kB to 80 kB, median 21 kB. If you know which chapter
  answers the question, fetch that one and stop.
- The complete text is 995 kB, ~255k tokens. Fetch it only to search across
  chapters, and expect it to be a large fraction of a context window.
- Lines 27-69 of llms-full.md are its table of contents, which gives the line
  number every chapter starts at. Reading that range first lets you seek to a
  chapter instead of reading forward to it.
- Every chapter is also a level 1 heading in llms-full.md, so searching for a
  title from the list below works as well.

## Chapters

In the order of the book.

- [The Story of Jayn](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_jayn.md):
  Electron, Big Bang, Fusion, Supernova, Silicon, Sand, Wafer, IC
- [Introduction](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l01_intro.md): Course
  Goals, Roles, Skills, Zen of IC Design, Design Process, Tapeout
- [How to Achieve
  Excellence](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_excellence.md): Value,
  Root Cause, Focus, Standards, Ownership, Honesty
- [A Refresher](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_refresher.md): SI
  Units, Silicon, Band Structure, Fermi Level, Metals, Insulators,
  Semiconductors, Band Diagrams, Fields
- [Fields](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_maxwell.md): Circuit
  theory is Maxwell's equations with the fine print deleted
- [Diodes](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_diode.md): Silicon,
  Intrinsic Carriers, Density of States, Fermi-Dirac, Doping, PN Junction,
  Built-in Voltage, Diode Equation, Temperature, Leakage
- [MOSFETs](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_mosfet.md): Video:
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrnHm3dRKD0
- [Circuits](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_circuits.md): Sizing,
  Bias Point, gm/ID, Current Mirrors, Cascode, CS, CD, CG, Differential Pair,
  OTA
- [OTAs](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_ota.md): OTA, Headroom, Five
  Transistor, Current Mirror OTA, Two-Stage, Miller Compensation, Folded
  Cascode, Inverter-Based, Nauta, CMFB, Bias, Op Amp, Dynamic Amplifiers,
  Verification
- [Integrated Passives](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_passives.md):
  Resistors, Polysilicon, Diffusion, Capacitors, MOM, MOS Cap, Varactors,
  Inductors
- [Noise](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_noise.md): Statistics,
  Average Power, PSD, White Noise, Thermal Noise, SNR, Noise Figure, Friis
- [The Tools](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_tools.md): WSL, Git,
  AICEX, ngspice, xschem, Magic, cicconf, cicsim, cicpy
- [Sky130nm tutorial](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_tut1.md): IP,
  xschem, ngspice, Corners, Layout, DRC, LVS, LPE, Documentation
- [The Project](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l01_project.md):
  Temperature Sensor, Leakage, Regulator, Specification, FOM, Milestones,
  Tapeout
- [Measured Silicon](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l01_silicon.md):
  Tapeout, Tiny Tapeout, PTAT, Time-domain readout, Temperature chamber,
  Transfer curve, INL, Calibration, Allan deviation, Quantisation, Dither,
  Bernoulli statistics, Random telegraph noise
- [IC and ESD](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l02_esd.md): TempSense,
  Node Voltage, Ground, VDD, Clocks, Digital, Bias, RESET (POR), Package, Why
  ESD, CDM (Gauss, INV), HBM (01,10,02,20,12,21**), GGNMOS, Latch-up
- [References and bias](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l03_refbias.md):
  VREF, IREF, VD, BGAP, LVBGAP, VI, GMCELL
- [Analog frontend and
  filters](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l04_afe.md): H(s), BiQuad,
  Gm-C, Active-RC, OTA
- [Digital to analog
  conversion](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l04_dac.md): Video:
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt12PDahC0Q
- [Switched-Capacitor
  Circuits](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l05_sc.md): SC DAC, SC FUND,
  DT, Alias, Subsample, Z Domain, FIR, IIR, SC MDAC, SC INT, Switch,
  Non-Overlap, VBE SC, Nyquist
- [Oversampling and Sigma-Delta
  ADCs](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l06_adc.md): Quantization, OSR,
  NEG FB, STF, NTF, SAR, First Order, SC SD, CT SD, INCR, FOM
- [Voltage regulation](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l07_vreg.md):
  Battery, Vreg, LDOP, LDON, Flipped voltage follower, Buck, Boost, Load, Line,
  PSRR, MAX C, Quiescent, Settling, Efficiency, PWM, PFM
- [Clocks and PLLs](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l08_pll.md): Systems,
  Feedback, PLL, Integer Divider, SD, SD PLL, Modulation, linear phase model
- [Oscillators](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l09_osc.md): Crystal
  model, Pierce, Temperature, Controlled oscillator, Ring osc, Ictrl Rosc, DCO
  Ring, LCOSC, RCOSC
- [Low Power Radio](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l10_lpradio.md):
  Range, Antenna Size, Modulation, OFDM, GFSK, pi/4-qpsk, 8-psk, 16 QAM,
  Bluetooth LE, LP RX, LNA, Mixer, AAF, ADC, BB
- [Energy Sources](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lx_energysrc.md):
  Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tb2CFHLmkzw
- [Analog SystemVerilog](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l11_aver.md):
  Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56oK9FAE858
- [How to write a project
  report](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lp_project_report.md): Writing,
  Paragraphs, Transitions, Structure, Introduction, Theory, Implementation,
  Results
- [Layout Generation](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_layout.md):
  Layout Generation, CICPY, Placement, Routing, Automation
- [Thoughts and Advice](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l13_thoughts.md):
  Advice, Skills, Zen of IC Design, Design Process, Career
- [SPICE](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_spice.md): SPICE, Sources,
  Passives, Transistor Models, BSIM, Foundries, Unit Transistors, gm/ID
- [Mixed Signal Simulation in
  NGSPICE](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_sv.md): Mixed Signal,
  ngspice, Verilog, RTL, d_cosim, Testbench
- [Analog Design](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_ades.md):
  Checklist, Specification, Design, Tapeout, Schematic Rules, Layout Rules
- [The cic tools](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_cictools.md):
  Analog design that cannot be reproduced from a shell command is not done
- [CMOS Logic](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/lr0_logic.md): CMOS Logic,
  Inverter, NAND, Static Logic, SR-Latch, D-Latch, Flip-Flop, Tristate, AOI
- [FAQ](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l00_questions.md): FAQ, Git,
  Tools, Setup
- [Equations](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/txt/l14_equations.md):
  Reference, Physics, Semiconductors, Diode, MOSFET, Noise, Circuits,
  References, Filters, Switched Capacitor, Data Converters, Regulators, PLL,
  Oscillators, Radio

## Optional

- [Complete text](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/llms-full.md): every
  chapter in one file
- [PDF book](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/assets/aic.pdf): the typeset
  edition, with the figures
- [EPUB book](https://wulffern.github.io/aic2026/assets/aic.epub): the same, as
  an ebook